tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-87749087504859355242024-03-13T01:30:54.492-07:00siklus krebsspermatopitahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364300286559420306noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8774908750485935524.post-26233408329722413582011-10-29T23:20:00.001-07:002011-10-29T23:20:07.653-07:00Biologi<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Biologi</b> atau <b>ilmu hayat</b> adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ilmu">ilmu</a> yang mempelajari aspek fisik <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehidupan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a>. Istilah "biologi" dipinjam dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Belanda">bahasa Belanda</a>, <i>biologie</i>, yang juga diturunkan dari gabungan kata <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a>, βίος, <i>bios</i> ("hidup") dan λόγος,<i>logos</i> ("lambang", "ilmu"). Istilah "ilmu hayat" dipinjam dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Arab">bahasa Arab</a>, juga berarti "ilmu kehidupan". Obyek kajian<strong class="selflink">biologi</strong> pada masa kini sangat luas dan mencakup semua <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhluk_hidup" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Makhluk hidup">makhluk hidup</a> dalam berbagai aspek kehidupannya.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Berbagai cabang biologi mengkhususkan diri pada setiap kelompok <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Organisme">organisme</a>, seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Botani">botani</a> (ilmu tentang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a>), <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Zoologi">zoologi</a> (ilmu tentang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hewan">hewan</a>), dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mikrobiologi">mikrobiologi</a>(ilmu tentang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasad_renik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jasad renik">jasad renik</a>). Perbedaan-perbedaan dan pengelompokan berdasarkan ciri-ciri fisik kelompok organisme dipelajari dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistematika" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sistematika">sistematika</a>, yang di dalamnya mencakup pula <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Taksonomi">taksonomi</a> dan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paleobiologi&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Paleobiologi (halaman belum tersedia)">paleobiologi</a>.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Berbagai aspek kehidupan dikaji pula dalam biologi. Ciri-ciri fisik bagian tubuh dipelajari dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Anatomi">anatomi</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfologi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Morfologi">morfologi</a>, sementara fungsinya dipelajari dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiologi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fisiologi">fisiologi</a>. Perilaku hewan dipelajari dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etologi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Etologi">etologi</a>. Perkembangan ciri fisik makhluk hidup dalam kurun waktu panjang dipelajari dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Evolusi">evolusi</a>, sedangkan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan dalam siklus kehidupan dipelajari dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Biologi perkembangan">biologi perkembangan</a>. Interaksi antar sesama makhluk dan dengan alam sekitar mereka dipelajari dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ekologi">ekologi</a>; Mekanisme pewarisan sifat—yang berguna dalam upaya menjaga kelangsungan hidup suatu jenis makhluk hidup—dipelajari dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Genetika">genetika</a>.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Saat ini bahkan berkembang aspek biologi yang mengkaji kemungkinan berevolusinya makhluk hidup pada masa yang akan datang, juga kemungkinan adanya makhluk hidup di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Planet">planet</a>-planet selain <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bumi">bumi</a>, yaitu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Astrobiologi">astrobiologi</a>. Sementara itu, perkembangan teknologi memungkinkan pengkajian pada tingkat molekul penyusun organisme melalui<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi_molekular" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Biologi molekular">biologi molekular</a> serta <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Biokimia">biokimia</a>, yang banyak didukung oleh perkembangan teknik komputasi melalui bidang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatika" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bioinformatika">bioinformatika</a>.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Ilmu biologi banyak berkembang pada abad ke-19, dengan ilmuwan menemukan bahwa organisme memiliki karakteristik pokok. Biologi kini merupakan subyek pelajaran sekolah dan universitas di seluruh dunia, dengan lebih dari jutaan makalah dibuat setiap tahun dalam susunan luas jurnal biologi dan kedokteran.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup></div>spermatopitahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364300286559420306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8774908750485935524.post-81532978845523694222011-10-29T22:34:00.000-07:002011-10-29T22:34:37.261-07:00<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Anatomi tumbuhan atau fitoanatomi merupakan analogi dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Anatomi">anatomi</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Manusia">manusia</a> atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Hewan">hewan</a>. Walaupun secara prinsip kajian yang dilakukan adalah melihat keseluruhan fisik sebagai bagian-bagian yang secara fungsional berbeda, anatomi tumbuhan menggunakan pendekatan metode yang berbeda dari anatomi hewan. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Organ">Organ</a> tumbuhan terekspos dari luar, sehingga umumnya tidak perlu dilakukan "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembedahan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Pembedahan">pembedahan</a>".</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Anatomi tumbuhan biasanya dibagi menjadi tiga bagian berdasarkan hierarki dalam kehidupan:</div><ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Organologi, mempelajari struktur dan fungsi organ berdasarkan jaringan-jaringan penyusunnya;</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Histologi">Histologi</a>, mempelajari struktur dan fungsi berbagai jaringan berdasarkan bentuk dan peran sel penyusunnya; dan</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitologi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Sitologi">Sitologi</a>, mempelajari struktur dan fungsi <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sel_(bioogi)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Sel (bioogi) (halaman belum tersedia)">sel</a> serta <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Organel">organel</a>-organel di dalamnya, proses kehidupan dalam sel, serta hubungan antara satu sel dengan sel yang lainnya. Sitologi dikenal juga sebagai biologi sel.</span></li>
</ul><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfologi_tumbuhan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Morfologi tumbuhan">Morfologi tumbuhan</a> juga sering kali dikaji bersama-sama dengan anatomi tumbuhan.</span></div>spermatopitahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364300286559420306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8774908750485935524.post-79609385999399509262011-10-29T22:31:00.001-07:002011-10-29T22:31:00.869-07:00<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Kromosom</b> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a>: <span lang="el" xml:lang="el">chroma</span>, warna; dan <i>soma</i>, badan) merupakan struktur di dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a> berupa deret panjang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Molekul">molekul</a> yang terdiri dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Satu">satu</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Molekul">molekul</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="DNA">DNA</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> dan berbagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Protein">protein</a> terkait yang merupakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Genetika">informasi genetik</a> suatu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Organisme">organisme</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup> seperti molekul kelima jenis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Histon">histon</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faktor_transkripsi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Faktor transkripsi">faktor transkripsi</a> yang terdapat pada beberapa deret, dan termasuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gen">gen</a> <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sekuens_regulator&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Sekuens regulator (halaman belum tersedia)">unsur regulator</a> dan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sekuens_genetik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Sekuens genetik (halaman belum tersedia)">sekuens nukleotida</a>. Kromosom yang berada di dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_sel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Inti sel">nukleus</a> sel <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Eukariota">eukariota</a>, secara khusus disebut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromatin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kromatin">kromatin</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Dalam kromosom <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Eukariota">eukariota</a>, DNA yang tidak terkondensasi berada dalam struktur order-quasi dalam <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleus_sel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nukleus sel">nukleus</a>, dimana ia membungkus <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Histon">histon</a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Protein">protein</a> struktural, Gambar 1), dan di mana material komposit ini disebut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromatin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kromatin">kromatin</a>. Selama <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> (pembelahan sel), kromosom terkondensasi dan disebut kromosom <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metafase&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Metafase (halaman belum tersedia)">metafase</a>. Hal ini menyebabkan masing-masing kromosom dapat diamati melalui <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroskop" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mikroskop">mikroskop</a> optik.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Setiap kromosom memiliki dua lengan, yang pendek disebut <b>lengan p</b> (dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Perancis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Perancis">bahasa Perancis</a> <i>petit</i> yang berarti kecil) dan lengan yang panjang <b>lengan q</b> (q mengikuti p dalam alfabet).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokariota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Prokariota">Prokariota</a> tidak memiliki histon atau nukleus. Dalam keadaan santainya, DNA dapat diakses untuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkripsi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Transkripsi">transkripsi</a>, regulasi, dan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replikasi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Replikasi">replikasi</a>.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Kromosom pertama kali diamati oleh <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wilhelm_von_N%C3%A4geli&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli (halaman belum tersedia)">Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli</a> pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1842">1842</a> dan ciri-cirinya dijelaskan dengan detail oleh <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_Flemming&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Walther Flemming (halaman belum tersedia)">Walther Flemming</a> pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1882" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1882">1882</a>. Sedangkan Prinsip-prinsip klasik <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Genetika">genetika</a> merupakan pemikiran <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deduksi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Deduksi">deduksi</a> dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> pada tahun 1865<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup> yang banyak diabaikan orang hingga tahun 1902, <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Sutton&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Walter Sutton (halaman belum tersedia)">Walter Sutton</a> dan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Boveri&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Theodor Boveri (halaman belum tersedia)">Theodor Boveri</a> menemukan kesamaan antara perilaku kromosom saat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> dengan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hukum_Mendel&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Hukum Mendel (halaman belum tersedia)">hukum Mendel</a> dan menarik kesimpulan bahwa kromosom merupakan pembawa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gen">gen</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></sup> Hasil penelitian keduanya dikenal sebagai <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_Sutton-Boveri&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Teori Sutton-Boveri (halaman belum tersedia)">teori Sutton-Boveri</a> atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipotesis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hipotesis">hipotesis</a> Sutton-Boveri atau teori <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hereditas">hereditas</a> kromosom, yang menjadi kontroversi dan perdebatan para pakar kala itu.</div>spermatopitahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364300286559420306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8774908750485935524.post-79044076237235249162011-10-29T22:29:00.001-07:002011-10-29T22:29:38.455-07:00DNA & RNA<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Asam deoksiribonukleat</h1><div id="bodyContent" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1231px;"><div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; width: auto;"></div><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="id" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 135px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:DNA123.png&filetimestamp=20051228001346" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="240" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/DNA123.png" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="133" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:DNA123.png&filetimestamp=20051228001346" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Struktur <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Molekul">molekul</a> DNA. Atom <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Karbon">karbon</a> berwarna hitam, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> merah,<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> biru, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fosfor">fosfor</a> hijau, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> putih.</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Asam deoksiribonukleat</b>, lebih dikenal dengan <b>DNA</b> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>: <i><b>d</b>eoxyribo<b>n</b>ucleic <b>a</b>cid</i>), adalah sejenis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_nukleat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Asam nukleat">asam nukleat</a> yang tergolong <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolekul" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Biomolekul">biomolekul</a> utama penyusun <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berat_kering&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Berat kering (halaman belum tersedia)">berat kering</a>setiap <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Organisme">organisme</a>. Di dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a>, DNA umumnya terletak di dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_sel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Inti sel">inti sel</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Secara garis besar, peran DNA di dalam sebuah sel adalah sebagai <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Materi_genetik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Materi genetik (halaman belum tersedia)">materi genetik</a>; artinya, DNA menyimpan cetak biru bagi segala aktivitas sel. Ini berlaku umum bagi setiap organisme. Di antara perkecualian yang menonjol adalah beberapa jenis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Virus">virus</a> (dan virus tidak termasuk organisme) seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="HIV">HIV</a> (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).</div><table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Daftar isi</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">sembunyikan</a>] </span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#Karakteristik_kimia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Karakteristik kimia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#Fungsi_biologis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Fungsi biologis</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#Replikasi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Replikasi</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#Penggunaan_DNA_dalam_teknologi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Penggunaan DNA dalam teknologi</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#DNA_dalam_forensik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">DNA dalam forensik</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#DNA_dalam_komputasi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">DNA dalam komputasi</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#Sejarah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Sejarah</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#Referensi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi</span></a></li>
</ul></td></tr>
</tbody></table><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asam_deoksiribonukleat&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Karakteristik kimia">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Karakteristik_kimia">Karakteristik kimia</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 402px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:DNA_As_Structure_Formula_(Indonesian).PNG&filetimestamp=20070110065743" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="284" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/b/b4/DNA_As_Structure_Formula_%28Indonesian%29.PNG/400px-DNA_As_Structure_Formula_%28Indonesian%29.PNG" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="400" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:DNA_As_Structure_Formula_(Indonesian).PNG&filetimestamp=20070110065743" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Struktur untai komplementer DNA menunjukkan pasangan basa (adenina dengan timina dan guanina dengan sitosina) yang membentuk DNA beruntai ganda.</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">DNA merupakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Polimer">polimer</a> yang terdiri dari tiga komponen utama,</div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugus_fungsional" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gugus fungsional">gugus</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fosfat">fosfat</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">gula deoksiribosa</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">basa nitrogen, yang terdiri dari:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Adenina">Adenina</a> (A)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Guanina">Guanina</a> (G)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitosina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sitosina">Sitosina</a> (C)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Timina">Timina</a> (T)</li>
</ul></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sebuah unit <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Monomer">monomer</a> DNA yang terdiri dari ketiga komponen tersebut dinamakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotida" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nukleotida">nukleotida</a>, sehingga DNA tergolong sebagai<i>polinukleotida</i>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Rantai DNA memiliki lebar 22-24 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ångström">Å</a>, sementara panjang satu unit nukleotida 3,3 Å<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup>. Walaupun unit monomer ini sangatlah kecil, DNA dapat memiliki jutaan nukleotida yang terangkai seperti rantai. Misalnya, kromosom terbesar pada manusia terdiri atas 220 juta nukleotida<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Rangka utama untai DNA terdiri dari gugus <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fosfat">fosfat</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gula">gula</a> yang berselang-seling. Gula pada DNA adalah gula <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentosa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pentosa">pentosa</a> (berkarbon lima), yaitu 2-deoksiribosa. Dua gugus gula terhubung dengan fosfat melalui <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_fosfodiester&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Ikatan fosfodiester (halaman belum tersedia)">ikatan fosfodiester</a> antara atom karbon ketiga pada cincin satu gula dan atom karbon kelima pada gula lainnya. Salah satu perbedaan utama DNA dan RNA adalah gula penyusunnya; gula RNA adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ribosa">ribosa</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">DNA terdiri atas dua untai yang berpilin membentuk struktur <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliks" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Heliks">heliks ganda</a>. Pada struktur heliks ganda, orientasi rantai nukleotida pada satu untai berlawanan dengan orientasi nukleotida untai lainnya. Hal ini disebut sebagai <i>antiparalel</i>. Masing-masing untai terdiri dari rangka utama, sebagai struktur utama, dan basa nitrogen, yang berinteraksi dengan untai DNA satunya pada heliks. Kedua untai pada heliks ganda DNA disatukan oleh ikatan hidrogen antara basa-basa yang terdapat pada kedua untai tersebut. Empat basa yang ditemukan pada DNA adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Adenina">adenina</a> (dilambangkan A), <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitosina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sitosina">sitosina</a> (C, dari <i><b>c</b>ytosine</i>), <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Guanina">guanina</a>(G), dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Timina">timina</a> (T). Adenina berikatan hidrogen dengan timina, sedangkan guanina berikatan dengan sitosina. Segmen <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polipeptida" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Polipeptida">polipeptida</a> dari <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="DNA">DNA</a> disebut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gen">gen</a>, biasanya merupakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Molekul">molekul</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="RNA">RNA</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asam_deoksiribonukleat&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Fungsi biologis">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Fungsi_biologis">Fungsi biologis</span></h2><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asam_deoksiribonukleat&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Replikasi">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Replikasi">Replikasi</span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 204px;"><a class="image" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Dna-split.png&filetimestamp=20050101103130" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="397" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Dna-split.png" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="202" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Dna-split.png&filetimestamp=20050101103130" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Perbesar"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Pada replikasi DNA, rantai DNA baru dibentuk berdasarkan urutan nukleotida pada DNA yang digandakan.</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replikasi_DNA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Replikasi DNA">Replikasi</a> merupakan proses pelipatgandaan DNA. Proses replikasi ini diperlukan ketika sel akan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pembelahan_sel&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Pembelahan sel (halaman belum tersedia)">membelah diri</a>. Pada setiap sel, kecuali <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_gamet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sel gamet">sel gamet</a>, pembelahan diri harus disertai dengan replikasi DNA supaya semua sel turunan memiliki informasi genetik yang sama. Pada dasarnya, proses replikasi memanfaatkan fakta bahwa DNA terdiri dari dua rantai dan rantai yang satu merupakan "konjugat" dari rantai pasangannya. Dengan kata lain, dengan mengetahui susunan satu rantai, maka susunan rantai pasangan dapat dengan mudah dibentuk. Ada beberapa teori yang mencoba menjelaskan bagaimana proses replikasi DNA ini terjadi. Salah satu teori yang paling populer menyatakan bahwa pada masing-masing DNA baru yang diperoleh pada akhir proses replikasi; satu rantai tunggal merupakan rantai DNA dari rantai DNA sebelumnya, sedangkan rantai pasangannya merupakan rantai yang baru disintesis. Rantai tunggal yang diperoleh dari DNA sebelumnya tersebut bertindak sebagai "cetakan" untuk membuat rantai pasangannya.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Proses replikasi memerlukan protein atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Enzim">enzim</a> pembantu; salah satu yang terpenting dikenal dengan nama <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polimerase" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="DNA polimerase">DNA polimerase</a>, yang merupakan enzim pembantu pembentukan rantai DNA baru yang merupakan suatu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Polimer">polimer</a>. Proses replikasi diawali dengan pembukaan untaian ganda DNA pada titik-titik tertentu di sepanjang rantai DNA. Proses pembukaan rantai DNA ini dibantu oleh enzim helikase yang dapat mengenali titik-titik tersebut, dan enzim girase yang mampu membuka pilinan rantai DNA. Setelah cukup ruang terbentuk akibat pembukaan untaian ganda ini, DNA polimerase masuk dan mengikat diri pada kedua rantai DNA yang sudah terbuka secara lokal tersebut. Proses pembukaan rantai ganda tersebut berlangsung disertai dengan pergeseran DNA polimerase mengikuti arah membukanya rantai ganda. Monomer DNA ditambahkan di kedua sisi rantai yang membuka setiap kali DNA polimerase bergeser. Hal ini berlanjut sampai seluruh rantai telah benar-benar terpisah.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Proses replikasi DNA ini merupakan proses yang rumit namun teliti. Proses sintesis rantai DNA baru memiliki suatu mekanisme yang mencegah terjadinya kesalahan pemasukan monomer yang dapat berakibat fatal. Karena mekanisme inilah kemungkinan terjadinya kesalahan sintesis amatlah kecil.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asam_deoksiribonukleat&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Penggunaan DNA dalam teknologi">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Penggunaan_DNA_dalam_teknologi">Penggunaan DNA dalam teknologi</span></h2><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asam_deoksiribonukleat&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: DNA dalam forensik">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="DNA_dalam_forensik">DNA dalam forensik</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilmu_forensik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Ilmu forensik (halaman belum tersedia)">Ilmuwan forensik</a> dapat menggunakan DNA yang terletak dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Darah">darah</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sperma">sperma</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kulit">kulit</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Liur">liur</a> atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rambut">rambut</a> yang tersisa di tempat kejadian kejahatan untuk mengidentifikasi kemungkinan tersangka, sebuah proses yang disebut <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fingerprinting_genetika&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Fingerprinting genetika (halaman belum tersedia)">fingerprinting genetika</a> atau pemrofilan DNA (<i>DNA profiling</i>). Dalam pemrofilan DNA panjang relatif dari bagian DNA yang berulang seperti <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_tandem_repeats" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Short tandem repeats">short tandem repeats</a> dan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minisatelit&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Minisatelit (halaman belum tersedia)">minisatelit</a>, dibandingkan. Pemrofilan DNA dikembangkan pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1984">1984</a> oleh genetikawan Inggris <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alec_Jeffreys&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Alec Jeffreys (halaman belum tersedia)">Alec Jeffreys</a> dari <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universitas_Leicester&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Universitas Leicester (halaman belum tersedia)">Universitas Leicester</a>, dan pertama kali digunakan untuk mendakwa <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colin_Pitchfork&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Colin Pitchfork (halaman belum tersedia)">Colin Pitchfork</a> pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1988">1988</a> dalam kasus <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pembunuhan_Enderby&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Pembunuhan Enderby (halaman belum tersedia)">pembunuhan Enderby</a> di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Inggris">Inggris</a>. Banyak yurisdiksi membutuhkan terdakwa dari kejahatan tertentu untuk menyediakan sebuah contoh DNA untuk dimasukkan ke dalam <i>database</i> komputer. Hal ini telah membantu investigator menyelesaikan kasus lama di mana pelanggar tidak diketahui dan hanya contoh DNA yang diperoleh dari tempat kejadian (terutama dalam kasus <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkosaan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Perkosaan">perkosaan</a> antar orang tak dikenal). Metode ini adalah salah satu teknik paling tepercaya untuk mengidentifikasi seorang pelaku kejahatan, tetapi tidak selalu sempurna, misalnya bila tidak ada DNA yang dapat diperoleh, atau bila tempat kejadian terkontaminasi oleh DNA dari banyak orang.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asam_deoksiribonukleat&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: DNA dalam komputasi">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="DNA_dalam_komputasi">DNA dalam komputasi</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">DNA memainkan peran penting dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_komputer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ilmu komputer">ilmu komputer</a>, baik sebagai masalah riset dan sebagai sebuah cara komputasi.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Riset dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoritma_pencarian_string" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Algoritma pencarian string">algoritma pencarian string</a>, yang menemukan kejadian dari urutan huruf di dalam urutan huruf yang lebih besar, dimotivasi sebagian oleh riset DNA, dimana algoritma ini digunakan untuk mencari urutan tertentu dari nukleotida dalam sebuah urutan yang besar. Dalam aplikasi lainnya seperti <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Editor_text&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Editor text (halaman belum tersedia)">editor text</a>, bahkan algoritma sederhana untuk masalah ini biasanya mencukupi, tetapi urutan DNA menyebabkan algoritma-algoritma ini untuk menunjukkan sifat kasus-mendekati-terburuk dikarenakan jumlah kecil dari karakter yang berbeda.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Teori <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Database">database</a> juga telah dipengaruhi oleh riset DNA, yang memiliki masalah khusus untuk menaruh dan memanipulasi urutan DNA. Database yang dikhususkan untuk riset DNA disebut <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Database_genomik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Database genomik (halaman belum tersedia)">database genomik</a>, dam harus menangani sejumlah tantangan teknis yang unik yang dihubungkan dengan operasi pembandingan kira-kira, pembandingan urutan, mencari pola yang berulang, dan pencarian homologi.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asam_deoksiribonukleat&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Sejarah">Sejarah</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">DNA pertama kali berhasil dimurnikan pada tahun 1868 oleh ilmuwan Swiss <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Miescher&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Friedrich Miescher (halaman belum tersedia)">Friedrich Miescher</a> di <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubingen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tubingen">Tubingen</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jerman">Jerman</a>, yang menamainya <i>nuclein</i> berdasarkan lokasinya di dalam inti sel. Namun demikian, penelitian terhadap peranan DNA di dalam sel baru dimulai pada awal abad 20, bersamaan dengan ditemukannya postulat genetika <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gregor Mendel">Mendel</a>. DNA dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Protein">protein</a> dianggap dua molekul yang paling memungkinkan sebagai pembawa sifat genetis berdasarkan teori tersebut.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Dua eksperimen pada dekade 40-an membuktikan fungsi DNA sebagai materi genetik. Dalam penelitian oleh <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Avery&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Oswald Avery (halaman belum tersedia)">Avery</a> dan rekan-rekannya, ekstrak dari sel bakteri yang satu gagal men-<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transformasi&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Transformasi (halaman belum tersedia)">transform</a> sel bakteri lainnya kecuali jika DNA dalam ekstrak dibiarkan utuh. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percobaan_Hershey-Chase" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Percobaan Hershey-Chase">Eksperimen</a> yang dilakukan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Alfred Hershey">Hershey</a> dan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martha_Chase&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Martha Chase (halaman belum tersedia)">Chase</a> membuktikan hal yang sama dengan menggunakan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pencari_jejak_radioaktif&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Pencari jejak radioaktif (halaman belum tersedia)">pencari jejak radioaktif</a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>: <span lang="en" xml:lang="en"><i>radioactive tracers</i></span>).</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Misteri yang belum terpecahkan ketika itu adalah: bagaimanakah struktur DNA sehingga ia mampu bertugas sebagai materi genetik? Persoalan ini dijawab oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> dan koleganya <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="James Watson">James Watson</a>berdasarkan hasil <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difraksi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Difraksi">difraksi</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinar_X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sinar X">sinar X</a> pada DNA oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pada tahun 1953, James Watson dan Francis Crick mendefinisikan DNA sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Polimer">polimer</a> yang terdiri dari 4 <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Basa">basa</a> dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_nukleat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Asam nukleat">asam nukleat</a>, dua dari kelompok <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Purina">purina</a>:adenina dan guanina; dan dua lainnya dari kelompok<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirimidina&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Pirimidina (halaman belum tersedia)">pirimidina</a>:sitosina dan timina. Keempat <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleobasa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nukleobasa">nukleobasa</a> tersebut terhubung dengan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glukosa_fosfat&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Glukosa fosfat (halaman belum tersedia)">glukosa fosfat</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Maurice Wilkins dan Rosalind Franklin menemukan bahwa molekul DNA berbentuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliks" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Heliks">heliks</a> yang berputar setiap 3,4 nm, sedangkan jarak antar molekul nukleobasa adalah 0,34 nm, hingga dapat ditentukan bahwa terdapat 10 molekul nukleobasa pada setiap putaran DNA. Setelah diketahui bahwa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Diameter">diameter</a> heliks DNA sekitar 2 nm, baru diketahui bahwa DNA terdiri bukan dari 1 rantai, melainkan 2 rantai heliks.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Crick, Watson, dan Wilkins mendapatkan hadiah <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Kedokteran" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nobel Kedokteran">Nobel Kedokteran</a> pada 1962 atas penemuan ini. Franklin, karena sudah wafat pada waktu itu, tidak dapat dianugerahi hadiah ini.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Konfirmasi akhir mekanisme <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replikasi_DNA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Replikasi DNA">replikasi DNA</a> dilakukan lewat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percobaan_Meselson-Stahl" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Percobaan Meselson-Stahl">percobaan Meselson-Stahl</a> yang dilakukan tahun 1958.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asam_deoksiribonukleat&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi">sunting</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Referensi">Referensi</span></h2><div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-webkit-column-count: 2; font-size: 12px; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#cite_ref-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span lang="Inggris" style="color: #777777; cursor: help; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;" title="Bahasa Inggris" xml:lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4&part=A2" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"All Cells Replicate Their Hereditary Information by Templated Polymerization"</a>. <i>Bruce Alberts, et al.</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses pada 19 Maret 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=All+Cells+Replicate+Their+Hereditary+Information+by+Templated+Polymerization&rft.atitle=Bruce+Alberts%2C+et+al.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbookshelf%2Fbr.fcgi%3Fbook%3Dmboc4%26part%3DA2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Asam_deoksiribonukleat"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#cite_ref-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Mandelkern M, Elias J, Eden D, Crothers D (1981). "The dimensions of DNA in solution". <i>J Mol Biol</i> <b>152</b>(1): 153-61. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7338906?dopt=Abstract" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">PMID 7338906</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+dimensions+of+DNA+in+solution&rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Biol&rft.aulast=Mandelkern+M%2C+Elias+J%2C+Eden+D%2C+Crothers+D&rft.au=Mandelkern+M%2C+Elias+J%2C+Eden+D%2C+Crothers+D&rft.date=1981&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=153-61&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Asam_deoksiribonukleat"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#cite_ref-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gregory S, <i>et. al.</i> (2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1".<i>Nature</i> <b>441</b> (7091): 315-21. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710414?dopt=Abstract" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">PMID 16710414</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+DNA+sequence+and+biological+annotation+of+human+chromosome+1&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Gregory+S%2C+%27%27et.+al.%27%27&rft.au=Gregory+S%2C+%27%27et.+al.%27%27&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=441&rft.issue=7091&rft.pages=315-21&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Asam_deoksiribonukleat"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#cite_ref-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span lang="Inggris" style="color: #777777; cursor: help; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;" title="Bahasa Inggris" xml:lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Geoffrey M. Cooper (2000). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=cooper&part=A2886&rendertype=def-item&id=A3080" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The Cell - A Molecular Approach</i></a> (edisi ke-2). Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates. hlm. Gene. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-87893-106-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-87893-106-6">0-87893-106-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses pada 12 Agustus 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cell+-+A+Molecular+Approach&rft.aulast=Geoffrey+M.+Cooper&rft.au=Geoffrey+M.+Cooper&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=hlm.%26nbsp%3BGene&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Sunderland+%28MA%29%3A+Sinauer+Associates&rft.isbn=0-87893-106-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbookshelf%2Fbr.fcgi%3Fbook%3Dcooper%26part%3DA2886%26rendertype%3Ddef-item%26id%3DA3080&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Asam_deoksiribonukleat"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat#cite_ref-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span lang="Inggris" style="color: #777777; cursor: help; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;" title="Bahasa Inggris" xml:lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Geoffrey M. Cooper (2000). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=cooper&part=A417" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The Cell - A Molecular Approach</i></a> (edisi ke-2). Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates. hlm. Heredity, Genes, and DNA. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-87893-106-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-87893-106-6">0-87893-106-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses pada 12 Agustus 2010</span>.</span></li>
</ol></div></div></div>spermatopitahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364300286559420306noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8774908750485935524.post-22079218227154453802011-10-22T10:50:00.000-07:002011-10-22T10:50:09.401-07:00FOTO - FOTO<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7wyP_kGIMEPpYSLSnJSCQjYiPjD2Y0dOc-w3OJZZGwc-W5QKm40ZGOGuq1PjMMrLYRphusvuInIMZ-LQZ-XlwTjKXR1-uxx7drouef9WknF-7hOIQ5Z7qKGGB2b0wAGRnkrAJ7vVOjGCc/s1600/tkuyk.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7wyP_kGIMEPpYSLSnJSCQjYiPjD2Y0dOc-w3OJZZGwc-W5QKm40ZGOGuq1PjMMrLYRphusvuInIMZ-LQZ-XlwTjKXR1-uxx7drouef9WknF-7hOIQ5Z7qKGGB2b0wAGRnkrAJ7vVOjGCc/s1600/tkuyk.jpeg" /></a></div><br />
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